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<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=65 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="04a658f1egerdp.jpg"> <div> <A HREF="/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.rugsandtextiles.com/"><U><IMG SRC="00cfc1b0.jpg" border=0 width="252" height="27" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="/aboutus/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.rugsandtextiles.com/aboutus/"><U><IMG SRC="04464140.jpg" border=0 width="100" height="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A><A HREF="/id8.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.rugsandtextiles.com/id8.htm"><U><IMG SRC="04564140.jpg" border=0 width="100" height="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A><A HREF="/id9.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.rugsandtextiles.com/id9.htm"><U><IMG SRC="04654140.jpg" border=0 width="84" height="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A><A HREF="/id25.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.rugsandtextiles.com/id25.htm"><U><IMG SRC="04764140.jpg" border=0 width="100" height="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A><A HREF="/id5.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.rugsandtextiles.com/id5.htm"><U><IMG SRC="04864140.jpg" border=0 width="100" height="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A><A HREF="/id6.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.rugsandtextiles.com/id6.htm"><U><IMG SRC="04964140.jpg" border=0 width="100" height="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="00cfc1b0.jpg" border=0 width="252" height="27" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="00d321d0.jpg" border=0 width="50" height="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="D F"><U><IMG SRC="00e321d0.jpg" border=0 width="50" height="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A> <A HREF="full_glossary_of_terms_most_offten_used_in_oriental_carpet_studies_10.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="G I"><U><IMG SRC="00f321d0.jpg" border=0 width="50" height="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A> <A HREF="full_glossary_of_terms_most_offten_used_in_oriental_carpet_studies_e.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="J L"><U><IMG SRC="010321d0.jpg" border=0 width="50" height="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A> <A HREF="full_glossary_of_terms_most_offten_used_in_oriental_carpet_studies_f.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="M O"><U><IMG SRC="011321d0.jpg" border=0 width="50" height="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A> <A HREF="full_glossary_of_terms_most_often_used_in_oriental_carpet_studies_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="P R"><U><IMG SRC="012321d0.jpg" border=0 width="50" height="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A> <A HREF="full_glossary_of_terms_most_often_used_in_oriental_carpet_studies_c.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="SU"><U><IMG SRC="013321d0.jpg" border=0 width="50" height="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A> <A HREF="full_glossary_of_terms_most_often_used_in_oriental_carpet_studies_b.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="V Z"><U><IMG SRC="014321d0.jpg" border=0 width="50" height="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=415 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <IMG SRC="04864140.jpg" border=0 width="100" height="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="00d321d0.jpg" border=0 width="50" height="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="10" WIDTH="657" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#000000" BORDERCOLORDARK="#000000" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 106 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Ahbrash:</B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> Variations of density in a color seen in a carpet by irregular horizontal washes; caused by the wool being dyed at different times in different batches of a color, which is of unequal density. Although an accidental and therefore arbitrary process, <I>ahbash</I> can greatly enhance the beauty of a carpet. Spelling variations: <I>Abrash</I></div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Alizarine: </B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> A red, mordant, vegetable dye obtained originally from the root of the madder plant. The term also includes a group of synthetic dyestuffs from coal-tar derivatives.</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>All-Over:</B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> Term used to describe the pattern of a carpet whose field has no central medallion</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Alum: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Double sulfate of aluminum and potassium used as a mordant.</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Aniline: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> A Chemical dye, first produced in the 1860’s and ubiquitous in the Middle East from the 1880’s. Most frequently encountered in the red-blue-purple range, the substance being named after <I>anil</I>, the indigo plant. Colors are very fugitive; a bright orange-pink, for instance, will fade at the tip to walnut-brown.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 ><NOBR><div> <B>‘Animal’ Carpets: </B></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> Carpet characterized by a classical Persian design dating from the great Safavid period of weaving. The field of the carpet is covered with varied animal forms taken from Chinese, Arab and Persian prototypes.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Arabesque: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> A complex and ornate linear design of intertwined floral, foliate and geometrical figures.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Azerbaijan: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> A province in the north of Iran. Heriz and Merovan are other regions of Azergaijan famous for their carpets.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 ><NOBR><div> <B>Bakhshayesh:</B></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> A large town on the banks of the Talkhe Rud (‘Bitter River’), a river a salt water as the name indicates.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 197 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Border: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="468" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 168 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="02473a20.jpg" border=0 width="115" height="162" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="336"><div> An immutable convention of Persian design, usually consisting of a middle band-with one, two or three narrow guard bands on either side.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 189 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Boteh: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="476" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 160 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="02579980.jpg" border=0 width="121" height="152" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="336"><div> Widespread pattern of Persian origin (Persian <I>boteh = </I>cluster of leaves). Resembles a pear or pine cone, by which name it has been known in the West. Symbolic connections have also been suggested, somewhat fancifully, between it and the Flame of Zoroastra, the imprint of a fist on wet plaster, the loop in the river Jumna, etc. Best known in Europe as the Paisley pattern motif.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 153 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Boteh-Miri: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="470" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 124 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="026795f0.jpg" border=0 width="121" height="95" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="336"><div> A variation of the <I>boteh </I>motif, resembling a leaf cluster, More often found on modern Seraband rugs. Its origins are most likely Persia and possibly originated form the early Mir carpets.</div> <div> <I>illustration shows a boteh miri version found on a modern sirdjan rug. Note that the boteh collars reverse directions with each row.</I></div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Brocading: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> A manner of embellishing a carpet by using additional wefts threads, called filling threads, to form all-over patterns of slightly raised flowers and figures worked in gold and/or silver thread.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Buckthorn: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> A woody shrub or tree of the genus Rhamnus used as a source of yellow and green dyes.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Bustard: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> Motif symbolizing protection and happiness frequently used by a Turkoman and Persian weavers. It may be in the form of a ‘V’ or in the shape of an anchor.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Cartoon: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> A preliminary large-scale sketch of the design to be woven, drawn on paper. Squares, each representing a knot, are then ruled onto the sketch by hand, some workers being employed solely for this purpose. The cartoon greatly facilitates the work of village weavers making carpets with very elaborate designs.</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Cartouche: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Ornately framed oval or oblong tablet, bearing an inscription or design.</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 ><NOBR><div> <B>Chinese Green: </B></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Green dye- also called lokao- obtained from bark of the Eurasian buck thorn.</div> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 ><NOBR><div> <B>Chinese Fret: </B></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> Pattern of the interlocking swastikas. Sometimes called the <I>wan </I>pattern,<I> wan </I>being the Chinese character representing 10,000 (i.e. a swastika).</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 ><NOBR><div> <B>Chrome dye: </B></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> A fast synthetic dye mordant with potassium dichromate. This, and other more recent synthetic colors, are now used in all the major rug weavings of the world. Although fast, the colors are harsh and dead.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 185 ><NOBR><div> <B>Cloud-Band: </B></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="493" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 156 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="01896960.jpg" border=0 width="150" height="150" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="336"><div> A small, shell-like ornament occurring in various forms, some compressed, some elongated and resembling the conventional Chinese ‘cloud-band’ motif. illustration: 3rd quarter 19 Th. century Chelaberd rug.  Also known as the so called "Cloudband Kazaks."</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Cochineal:</B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> Scarlet red similar to but more brilliant than lac. Obtained from the crushed bodies of an insect native to Mexico and the West Indies, and imported into Europe from the 16th century but not in the Middle East until the end of the 18th century). Supposed until the 18th century to be berry or seed of an oak.</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Compound  weave: </B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> Technical term for pieces made with more than one set of either warp or weft elements, or both. Form of flat-weaving.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 177 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Cross: </B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> Motif found in a verity of carpets of vast origins, However Persian rugs it is not recognized as having any religious significance noticed only as ornamental due to the Muslim beliefs.  Although Christianity does exists among some tribes of Armenian back ground through out Persia. My belief is that it originated in early Christian Carpets out side of Persia possibly by the Armenian culture and later brought into Persian rugs by the Armenians who began to settle there.  For further research of this topic can be found in the fascinating book <I><U>"The oriental carpet"</U></I> by <I>Gantzhorm and Tazchen </I>see book review. Related word see "cruciform".  </div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 185 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Cruciform:</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="493" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 156 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="01b96960.jpg" border=0 width="150" height="150" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="336"><div> A rarely found motif is found in the form of a complete cruciform usually located at a top of a mihrab on a prayer rug.  Early Anatolian prayer rugs with a cruciform have been the center of much discussion and controversy among rug scholars.</div> <div> illustration: Mid 19 Th. century Konya prayer rug. Private collection</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 100 WIDTH="125"><div> <B>Curcuma:</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="502"><div> East Indian herb, curcuma or turmeric, after a process is transformed into curumin a yellow to brick - brown dye often found on 19th century Persian rugs.</div> <bR> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> Copyright © 2000 Rugs And Textiles. Com Inc. 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